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A progressive loss of cardiomyocytes contributes to the heart’s failure as a muscular pump. This includes the necrotic death of these cells, which are replaced by fibrous tissue (vis-à-vis apoptotic cell death). In the explanted failing heart, scattered foci of fibrosis are found throughout both ventricles, representing the major component of pathologic remodeling. Further evidence on the importance...
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is an abundant protease found in all cells of the heart and is well known for its role in extracellular matrix remodeling. Its biological actions in physiological processes such as angiogenesis and heart development, as well as in cardiac pathologies such as ischemia–reperfusion injury and heart failure, have been significantly expanded, as it is now understood to...
The developing mesenchyme gives rise to a diverse host of important cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In postnatal tissues, stromal cells continue to differentiate into subtypes with specific functions, e.g., fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, but the molecular signals that govern their phenoconversion are incompletely understood. Herein, we provide a review of the...
The mammalian Na+–H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane protein that regulates intracellular pH in the myocardium by removing one intracellular hydrogen ion in exchange for one extracellular sodium ion. While NHE1 regulates intracellular pH, it is also involved in the damage that occurs to the myocardium with ischemia and reperfusion. Additionally, NHE1 levels are elevated in cardiac...
Perinatal period is critical for the normal cardiac development, and different interventions imposed on the heart may significantly influence myocardial structure and function. Perinatal hypoxemia, although transient, may thus have serious early and late consequences on the cardiovascular system. Epidemiological and experimental studies have repeatedly suggested a possible link between perinatal hypoxia...
Mobilization and homing of the hematopoietic stem cells appear to be regulated by mechanism involving redox cycling. Stem cells are localized inside bone marrow in a strictly hypoxic environment and must move to the injury site that is subjected to oxidative environment. Cytokines and adhesion molecules control stem cell mobilization through a redox-regulated process. The major hitch in stem cell...
End stage heart failure following myocardial infarction is a major health problem despite significant improvement in treatment intervention. Heart transplantation is the only option to treat end stage heart failure patients, however; the supply needed has severe shortage. Therefore, cell transplantation has gained significant interest as a future treatment of various heart diseases including myocardial...
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